Timing apparatus



July 5,

J. L. FROLOW TIMING APPARATUS Filed OC'. 24. 1949 8 Sheets-Sheet l July 5, 1955 J. L. FRoLow T1M1NG APPARATUS 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 24, 1949 WXM July 5, 1955 J. FRoLow TIMING APPARATUS Filed Oct. 24. 1949 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 July 5, 1955 J. L. FRoLow 2,712,231

` TIMING APPARATUS Filed Oct. 24. 1949 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 a: wt

crczf sa July 5, 1955 J. L. FROLow TIMING APPARATUS 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Oct. 24. 1949 wm H ww m. E RW/ r.,

July 5, 1955 J. L. FRoLow Tlfn/[ING APPARATUS 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Oct. 24. 1949 WAX( .50i/Eff TER/V6" July 5, 1955 J. L. FROLOW TIMING APPARATUS Filed Oct. 24. 1949 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 July 5, 1955 Filed Oct. 24. 1949 J. L. FRoLow TIMING APPARATUS 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 MfG-fw United States PatentO TIMING APPARATUS Jack L. Frolow, Atlantic City, N. J. Application October 24, 1949, Serial No. 123,295

' 1o Claims. (ci. 7s6) This invention relates to a means for comparing accurately in a short period of time the timing of a watch with `that of a time standard.

There are a number of devices in existence now which accomplish this but they are expensive and complicated. One of the objects of this invention is to provide an inexpensive device, simple to operate, which will indicate the rate of a time piece and any irregularities in its operation. -Another object of the present invention provides that the frequency of an oscillating member will be exactly thatof a standard time device and be controlled by the standard time device, thus becoming the reference member of timing devices.

The nature and other objects of this invention will be better understood from the following explanations and diagrams illustrating various embodiments of the invention.

In the drawings Fig. l is a diagrammatic plan of an apparatus embodying the invention.

Fig. 2 illustrates a means for making a record on a strip of paper.

Fig. 3 is a side view of Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram for the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1..

Fig. 5` is a perspective view of an oscillating system using a DArsorival type movement modified. Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 are views of other types of oscillating systems.

Fig. 10 is a diagram of a linear oscillating system.

Fig. ll :is a chart associated with Fig. 10 to illustrate the motion in the latter figure. 1

Fig. 12 is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 1l.

i Fig. 13 is a chart illustrating the effect of impulses upon the motion of the body shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 14 is a chart illustrating how the motion of the body shown in Fig. 10 builds up from the rest position under the influences of impulses Fig. 15 is a chart illustrating the influence of an irnpulse upon the body shown in Fig. l0 when it occurs at a quarter cycle after the rest position.

' Fig. 16 illustrates the effect of impulseshaving slightly different periods upon the motion of the body shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 16a is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 16.

Fig. 17. shows an analogous electrical circuit for the oscillating system shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 18 is a chart showing how the amplitude Aof current, shown in Fig. 17, and its phase vary when the period between the pulses of current changes slightly from the natural period of the circuit, shown in Fig. 1-7.

Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus illustrating another embodiment of the invention. I

Fig. 20 is a circuit diagram for a portion of the embodiment shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 21 is a s'chematic'diagram of an apparatus illustating another embodimentof the invention.

2,712,231 Patented July 5, 1955 Fig. 22 is a circuit diagram for a portion of the embodiment shown in Fig. 21.

Fig. 23 is a view of an apparatus of another embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 24 is a side view of Fig. 23..

Fig. 25 is a schematic diagram for the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 23. y

Fig. 26 is an electrical circuit for a portion of the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 25.

Fig. 27is a diagram for another embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 28 is an electrical circuit diagram for a portion ofthe embodiment shown in Fig. 27.

The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 operates in the following manner. A standard watch 1 is placed on a crystal contact microphone 2 which generates an electrical voltage corresponding to the ticks of the standard watch; This voltage is amplified in the audio amplifier 3 to a large voltage which triggers a thyratron tube of the pulse generator 4 giving a sharp pulse of current. The pulse generator is normally oscillating by itself at a frequency slightly lower than the ticks of the standard watch, and when the large audio voltage is applied to the grid of the thyratron tube it locks into exactly the frequency of the watch ticks. The uniform pulses of current are' fed to the moving coil 5 of the indicator 6 which is a meter of the standard DArsonval type modified in the following manner. The hairspring 7 is chosen such that the natural or free period of oscillation of the pointer 8 and hairspring 7 is close to that of the standard watch ticks and all `the damping effects are reduced.

The pointer 8 of this indicator will oscillate back and forth in exact synchronism Ywith the ticks of the standard watch, leven though itsy natural or free period is differentfrom that of the standard watch. Moreover, this motion will be exactly the same each oscillation and be a very smooth sinusoidreven vthough the standard watch ticks may have slightly different periods between successive ticks (the tick and the tock of a watch). The alternate ticks of the standard watch have aperiod which is the :same each time andis the sum of the periods between these successive ticks. The indicator pointer will oscillate at 1/2 the period between alternate ticks. l

. The above statements are not readily apparent andan explanation will be given following the description of this embodiment.

n The test watch 9 is placed on the crystal microphone 10 vwhich generates an electrical impulse and it is fed to the amplifier 11 which triggers a pulse .generator 12 which normally'is oscillating at a frequency lower than that of the test watch and when the large audio voltage caused by the ticks of the test watch is applied to the grid of the thyratron tube, it locks into exactly the frequency of the test watch. The thyratron tube discharges a condenser throughthe primary of a step up transformer 13. The voltage across the secondary is very high and of very short duration, and it flashes the neon bulbs 14. These flashes of the neon bulbs are in exact synchronisrn with the ticks of the'test watch.

The neon bulbs are placed behind a translucent orange scale 15 of the indicator 6. The pointer 8 of the indicator is painted the same orange color as this scale and oscillates to and fro in front of this scale. When the neon bulbs are not flashing it is difficult to see this pointer, but when the bulbs flash the pointer appears as a black image. v

If the two watches are in time this black image appears to be stationary on the meter scale 15. VIf the test watch is not in Atime with the standard watch 1 the image will drift back and forth across the meter scale like a metronome. The number of degrees the image drifts in a 'given time is a measure of how slow or fast the test watch 1s.

veli

If the image drifts from the center of the scale to the end and returns to the center inv one minute the watch is in error by 2.4 minutes per day. The accuracy obtainable is quite great since readings much less than 1/2 the scale can be observed. The example given is calculated as follows:

One half the scale and return per minute corresponds to 1/2 cycle per minute. This is the difference in timing between the two watches. ln one day the difference would be 24 hours 60 minutes X 1/2 cycle per minute which is 720 cycles per day. Since the pointer is oscillating at the rate of 5 cycles per second, 720 cycles per day corresponds to 720/ 5 seconds per day which is 144 seconds or 2.4 minutes per day.

A stop watch can be used to measure the time for the image to drift l the scale. The error of the test watch will then be 2.4/ t minutes per day; where t is the time measured by the stop watch.

If the cycle is divided into ten divisions, and the number of divisions that the image drifts past in 28.8 seconds is noted, the error of the test watch is 30 seconds per day for each division. This can be shown as follows: The image drifts 1/2 cycle in 1 minute and it would therefore drift l0 divisions in 1 minute. It would drift l0 28.8/60 which is 4.8 divisions in 28.8 seconds.

Thus a test watch with an error of 2.4 minutes a day would drift 4.8 divisions. Therefore each division corresponds to /z minute.

A simple method of measuring the drift is provided by a neon bulb 58 in Fig. l which can be ashed at any time, by pressing the momentary push button switch 59, preferably when the image is passing a division mark 60 and which will flash of its own accord every 28.8 seconds thereafter. The number of divisions the image passes between the first and second tiash is noted and each division corresponds to 30 seconds per day. If the drift is slow, the number of divisions the image passes between the first and third `flashes of the neon bulb 58 is noted and each division then corresponds to 15 seconds per day. For four ashes, each division would correspond to seconds per day.

If the neon bulbs 14 are suddenly allowed to flash at their normal slow rate, by short circuiting the voltage pulses caused by the test watch 9, the direction in'which the pointer image moves at the time the shorting switch is closed, indicates whether the watch is fast or slow. If the image advances in the same direction the watch is slow, if it goes in the opposite direction it is fast.

The indicator is oscillating with a smooth identical motion each cycle (as will be explained). sive tick and tock of the test watch will cause the neon bulbs to ash in synchronism with this tick and took, thereby making the black image of the indicator pointer 8 jump back and forth with respect to the indicator scale 15. This indicates the beat of the watch and it is very useful information to the watch adjuster. Irregularities present in the watch are also easily identified with expericnce.

t is possible to make the pulse generators 4 and 12, controlled by the test watch 9 and the standard watch 1 respectively lock in with each successive tick of the watch, each alternate tick of the watch, or a multiple or submultiple of these watch ticks, by making the normal oscillating period of the generator be close to the desired submultiple or multiple of the watch ticks. For example; if the normal frequency of the generator 4 which is controlled by the standard watch 1, is made to be 1/2 that of the ticks of this watch, and the strength of the synchronizing voltages caused by the ticks of the watch are adjusted by an attenuator, the generator will lock in with every alternate tick of the watch.

If the indicator 6 is tuned close to the frequency of every alternate tick, it will lock in exactly with thisf frequency.

If the neon lights 14 respond to every tick of the test 7:.,

The succesthereby. For example; if the image drifts across l/z thc scale 15 in a minute with the neon lights 14 ashing in synchronism with every tick of the test watch, the watch will be 1.2 minutes a day in error instead of 2.4 minutes as calculated before, since the pointer 8 is oscillating at l0 cycles per second.

There is a limit to the multiple of the pulses of cur rent at which the indicator 6 can be tuned. Since the maximum amplitude of oscillation decreases in each cycle of oscillation, because of energy losses, this decrease may become appreciable in six or more cycles. As a result the maximum amplitude of oscillation would suddenly increase when a pulse of current passed through the indicator coil and then decrease appreciably before the next pulse arrived, thus giving an irregular motion.

Moreover, small differences or variations intime between successive pulses of current would correspond to large differences in the angle or position of the pointer 8 in its oscillation at which these pulses occurred, thereby, resulting in critical and irregular operation.

The electrical circuit is shown in Fig. 4 for the illustration in Fig. 1.

The standard watch is placed on the crystal microphone 2.. The electrical voltage caused by the watch ticks -is coupled to the grid of the pentode tube 16, a type 6SJ7 Tubes 16 and 17 are pentodes such as type 6SI7 and are arranged to be a resistance coupled amplifier of the standard design. A volume control 18 is provided for adjustment of amplification. Tube 19 is a thyratron such as types 884, 885, 2050, or 2051. Condenser 20 is 1 mfd. and is charged through the resistor 21. Resistors 22 and 23 are voltage dividers.y to provide approximately twenty volts. Resistor 24 and 25 similarly provide bias voltage to the cathode of the thyratron tube. Condenser 26 is a cathode by-pass. The constants of this circuit are chosen to make the tube 19 discharge slower than tive times a second, the frequency of the watch ticks. When the amplified voltage controlled by the watch ticks are impressed on the grid of the tube 19, it locks in with this frequency. The condenser 20 discharges through the moving coil 5 ofthe indicator 6. Tubes 16, 17, 19 receive their B+ voltage from the rectifier tube 27 through standard resistance capacitance tilters 28, 29, 30.

The test watch 9 is placed on the crystal microphone 1t) and the electrical voltage is amplified in the pentode tubes 31 and 32, a type 6AC7 and 6SJ7` respectively. A volume control 33 is provided to adjust the ampliiication. A momentary push button switch 34 is providedA which can short circuit the amplified voltage caused by the watch ticks. Capacitor 3S is a 1 mfd. condenser and Vit is charged through resistor 36, the primary of the transformer 37, and resistor 38. Bias for the 2050 tube 39 is provided also by resistor 38. The value of the circuit elements are so chosen that the tube 39 oscillates at a frequency lower than five times per second. When the amplified voltage caused by the watch ticks are impressed on the grid of the tube 39 it locks in with this frequency. When the condenser discharges rapidly through the primary of the transformer 37 and the tube 39, a high voltage appears across the secondary 40. This voltage is U fed across three neon bulbs 14 connected in series and it flashes them. Condenser 41'bypasses any high R'. F. voltages to ground.

The wires leading from the condensers 41 and 20 to the indicator 6 are shielded and the chassis is grounded as shown at 42. The neon bulbs 14 also are shielded.

ondense y`5 couples the headphone jack to the plate of tube 32 and resistor 56 provides additional bias to the cathode of tube 39 through contact 57 on the jack 54 to stop this tube from discharging.

The microphones and 2 should be of small area so as not to pick up room noises. To this end also, the resistance coupled amplifier is designed to have low gain for low frequency by using small value coupling capacitors and cathode by-pass condensers.

A time reference for measuring the drift of the pointer image is provided by the neon bulb 58 which can be flashed at any time by pressing the momentary switch 59. It will flash every 28.8 seconds thereafter. Capacitor 61 charges up through resistor 62. Thyratron tube 63 which is a type 884, receives cathode bias from the charging current of capacitor 61, owing through resistor 62. Capacitor 61 is l mfd. and resistor 62 is chosen so that the tube 63 will discharge every 28.8 seconds. The circuit is so arranged that variations in the +B voltage will not change the period of discharge appreciably. When tube 63 discharges, a sharp pulse of voltage appears across resistor 62. This voltage is coupled by capacitor 64 to the neon bulb 58 and causes it to flash. Capacitor 65 is an electrolytic capacitor of 40 mid. and it is charged from the +B through resistor 66. The value of this resistor is chosen so that the neon bulb 58 would flash with a period longer than 30 seconds and the large value of capacitor 65 causes the bulb to remain lighted for approximately 5 seconds when the bulb flashes, thereby permitting its observation to be made easily. The sharp pulses of voltage from resistor 62 are coupled to the neon bulb 58 and cause it to ilash in synchronism with these pulses, and it remains bright for a few seconds while capacitor 65 discharges. Resistor 67 prevents the sharp pulse of voltage from being by-passed to ground by capacitor 65.

Thryratron tube 63 can be discharged at any time by pressing the momentary switch 59 and neon bulb 58 will flash. +B is applied through switch 59 and resistor 68 and 69 to the grid of tube 63. Resistors 68 and 69 and capacitor 71 are arranged in a filter network to prevent any high R. F. voltages from disturbing any other circuits. The switch and resistor assembly is shielded. Resistor 70 is a grid resistor for tube 63.

A printed record can be made by replacing the orange scale 1S with a metallic one 43 as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The pointer 8 is placed at ground potential and the scale 43 is connected to the high side of the transformer secondary as shown in Fig. 2. The spacing between the tip of the pointer 8 and scale 43 is arranged to be the smallest distance between these two components and because of the high voltage a spark will jump the space. A sheet of paper 44 is inserted between the metal scale 43 and the pointer 8 so that the spark will go through it. The paper passes between two rollers 45 and 46 driven by a small motor 47 after passing from beneath the scale 43 through a slot 48 in the scale 43. The paper 44 is colored red, but is covered with a wax which makes it appear a light pink. When a spark passes through it, the wax melts and a small clear red spot 49 appears around the tiny hole that the spark makes in the paper. By observing the pattern that the spark makes in the paper with relation to the calibration marks on the paper, they number of seconds or minutes the watch is losing or gaining a day can be read.

The oscillating indicator 6 used in this embodiment was a DArsonval type as shown in Fig. 5 whereby mechanical impulses are applied to the pointer 8 by the reaction of the current pulse in the moving coil 5 with the permanent magnet poles 72. Other oscillating systems can be used. As shown in Fig. 6 a soft iron rotor 73 is attracted to the poles 74 when a pulse of current is sent through the coils 75. The oscillation is angular and the suspension consists of bearings 76 and a hairspring.

Fig. 7 illustrates a method whereby 'niioniiiass `78,

at one end is used. Therweighti86 is given impulses by the spring 83 when the soft iron armature 81 of the relay is attracted to pole 85 when a pulse of current passes through the coil 84. When this current ceases the leaf spring 83 is given an impulse in the opposite direction when the armature 81 is returned quickly to the upper contact 82 by spring 80. However, the strengthrof spring is adjusted to be just strong enough to keepthe armature 81 against the contact 82 when the weight 86 is swinging back and forth. Because this spring 80 Vis weak the armature returns to the stop 82 much slower than when the armature is-quickly attracted to the pole 85. Thus the net result of the two impulses is an eiective impulse in one direction toward the pole 8,5, every time a pulse of current passes through the`relay coil A84.

In Fig. 9 a pendulum consists of a weight 91 lsupported on a rigid bar 89 of suitable material. The bar 89 is supported on a knife edge 87. Attached'to'the bar is an armature made of soft iron or a permanent' magnet 88. When pulses of current are passed through the solenoid coil 90, the armature 88 is given an impulse.

A great number of such systems can be designed as well as combinations of them. In all these mechani` cal systems the ,members will have a steady state motion which will be exactly that of the applied frequency, and can thus become the reference member of the embodiments described. f

Explanation of indicator motion The mechanical `vibrating system used in theembodiv ment just described was an angular one. ForA purposes of explanation a linearuone as shown in Fig. '10 kwill be used.

A list of symbols to be used in the following discussion are given below:

M-The mass of the body l. 1 l a-The distance the body M is from its rest position at a time t. l t-The time elapsed from when the body passes the rest position, or zero position, to the position, a, being considered. A-The maximumv amplitudek or distance 'the body M moves from-its rest position. Y v-The velocity the body M has at a time, t. o-The angle in radians at which the body is positioned and is equal to wt. dri-Incremental change in a alt- Incremental change in t dA-Incremental change in A dv-lncremental change in v dri- Incremental change in 0 Assume the mass, M, is oscillating at its own natural free frequency. The equation of its motion is:

a= sin 0 time to move appreciably under the inuence of this impulse due to the inertia of its mass.

Two things happen to the body M; first, a certain amount of energy is givento the system and second, the time it takes to complete its oscillation *isShOrtened or lengthened. l

The amount the period is changed by an impulse is mathematically shown as follows:

a=A sin 6 differentiating partially drm-g5@ sin mam@ sin @ma As mentioned before the duration of the force is so small that:-

Therefore:

cla=0=A cos d-l-sin @dA dA d0-A A tan 6 This is the change in the angle through which the body M is advanced or retarded in its motion. Since the body resumes its motion with the constant angular speed w, this change in angle represents the amount of time that the period is changed.

Thus

and

dt: -gv tan 0 Counting time as zero when the body M is passing through its rest position, it can be seen that: (l) An impulse occurring as the body goes through the rest position does not change the period of oscillation, since di: tan 00:0

(2) An impulse occurring after the rest position lengthj ens the total period, since dA wA A negative increment of time means that the body has been set back in its motion and must therefore proceed through it again, thereby lengthening the total period. (3) An impulse occurring before the rest position shortens the total period, since A positive increment of time means the body has been set ahead in its motion thereby reducing the total period. The amount the amplitude A'is changed by an impulse is shown mathematically as follows.

Returning to the original equation of motion:

a=A sin 0 differentiate --?-=A cos 9%,

Now

d--:r-'v

.the velocity of M at the time t Therefore, since differentiate partially dv= (Aw cos @N64-(14111 eos 0)dA Aw sin BdG-l-w eos dA From our previous equation dA 039- tan 0 Therefore dv: #Aw sin tan 8)-l-w eos HdA du eos 6= -l-wdA sin2 @-l-wdA Cos 6 :wdA

dA :CZ-v cos 6 w Since dv, the impulse is of constant value, it can be seen that:

(l) dA is a maximum at 0:0 and positive (2) dA is aminimum at 0= |90 (3) dA is negative at 6 lying between 270 and 90 (4) dA is negative and a maximum when wt=180 The greatest amount that the period can be changed by an impulse is found mathematically as follows:

Returning to the equations Since dv is of constant value, and the maximum value for sin wt is l; the maximum value that dt, the change in the period of the oscillating body, can have from an impulse dv is:

and it occurs at wt=i90 To determine mathematically the effect of the slight diierence in period of the impulses, caused by the tick and took of the watch, upon the motion of the oscillating body, we find the variation in the motion caused by this -f variation in period.

Thus the equation 'lian 0 v, is diiferentiated dwp-T se@ @do Since we have the system tuned so that 6 is approxi,- mately 45 for satisfactory operation, and

which corresponds to M60 of a second difference between the tick and tock of the watch, we may write As will be shown later Therefore 0.7 1r 1r Ado: l2 ()(2)*237.5 radians which is imperceptible.

These equations can also be shown graphically. Refer to Figs. 10 and 1l.

The amplitude of motion of the body M at any time t, can be represented by the projection of the rotating line A on the axis y-y, and its velocity at this same time, t, by the projection of this line A on the axis x'-x. The line A rotates with the angular velocity w, the natural free frequency of the mass M.

When an impulse dv, is given to the body M at the time, t, corresponding to the angle 0, the distance, a, does not change, due to the inertia or" the mass M.

The velocity of the body changes by an amount dv, and the body absorbs an amount of energy sutiicient to change the maximum amplitude an amount dA.

After this impulse occurs the body resumes its natural vibration, but it has been retarded by the angle, d0, in its cycle, since the line A must proceed this angle again.

The amount the period is changed by an impulse is shown graphically as follows:

From the Fig. l2 it can be seen that geometrically A(d0)=dA tan 0 -wAdt=dA tan dA dtn tan 0 From the diagram Fig. 13 we can conclude that:

(l) If the impulse occurs at the rest position the period of oscillation is not affected. l

(2) If the impulse occurs before the rest position, the

period is shortened.

(3) If the impulse occurs after the rest position, the

period is lengthened.

(4) Both effects listed in 2 and 3 increase to a maximum value at 1A cycle before and after the rest position, and then decrease if the impulse occurs more than 1A: cycle before and after the rest position; provided the maximum amplitude of oscillation remains the same.

The amount the amplitude is changed by an impulse is found graphically as follows:

Referring to the geometry of the Fig. 12 again, we see that dA: cos 0 w We can conclude from this and Fig. 13:

(l) The increase in the maximum swing is greatest when the impulse occurs at the rest position.

(2) The magnitude of the increase in the maximum swing decreases if the impulse occurs before or after the mass M, passes through the rest position.

(3) It is zero if it occurs a quarter cycle before or after the rest position.

(4) It actually decreases the maximum swing if it occurs more than 1A cycle before or after the rest position.

The manner in which the motion of the pointer builds up from the rest position under the influence of periodic impulses, is shown graphically as follows:

As shown in Fig. 14, when pulses of current are -irst fed to the system the rst pulsev occurs at the rest position.. The body starts to swing. l It returns tothe rest position in a time T, after it makes aswing to one'end of its travel and then to the other end and then back. If the pulses are a little slower, the body Mv swings a little further than its rest position before the next 'pulse occurs at b as shown in the Fig. 14. Since this pulse occurs after the body has passed its rest'position, the period of oscillation is lengthened a small'amount.y The body also receives a small increase in amplitude of swing. Once again the pulse occurs a littlelater after the body has passed its rest position as shown at c and it will lengthen the period of4 oscillation a little more as well as increase the amplitude of swing a bit. The pulses keep occurringlater and later in the cycle making the points of occurrence a', b', c', etc. in the diagram progress in a clockwise direction, the same direction the body has when the pulse occurs. l

If the pulses had been faster than period of the oscillating body, they would have occurred before the body made a complete cycle and the periodof oscillation would have been shortened. The points of occurrence of the pulses would have progressed in a counterclockwise direction.

The above processes continue until:

(l) The pulse occurs at an angle 0,v either before or after the rest position, such that the period of oscillation is either shortened or lengthened exactly enough so that it equals the period of the applied pulses.

(2) The amplitude of maximum swing continues to build up to such a value, that energy gained with each pulse is exactly dissipated during the rest of the cycle.

(3) lf the difference between the period of thepulses and the period of theV oscillating body is greater than vthe maximum amount the pulsecan shorten or lengthen the period ofthe system when it occurs at 1A cycle before or after the rest position, the oscillation of the body will not synchronize with the pulses. The pulses will continue' to occur beyond the quarter cycle point and the motion will be decreased. The motion becomes small and complex, after first going through a number of phases in which the amplitude of swing will b uild up and then decrease.

Refer to Fig. l5 illustrating a pulse occurring at A cycle after the rest position. From the geometry we be changed for a given value of dv and A.

If the period of the impulses dilers from that of the oscillating body by more than this, the impulse will occur later in the cycle than 1%: cycle and the point of occurrence will proceed past the mark without the body M locking in synchronism with the applied pulses. Moreover, pulses which occur later than the 1A cycle point decreases the amplitude A; and the oscillation will decrease rapidly. The point of occurrence of the pulses continues to progress clockwise until it occurs again at the rest position, only this time the value of A may or may not be zero. The oscillation will build up again and then decrease many times until a very small steady state amplitude exists, and the motion of the body M *1. is complex.

The pointer can also be made to oscillate at an exact multiple of the periodic impulses. In the analysis given the system received an impulse every cycle and after equilibrium was established, the frequency of the pulses and the indicator were the's'ame. If the system received an impulse every other cycle, the analysis to determine the amount the pulse changed the period, would be the same and then the pulse would occur at the proper angle in the cycle to hasten or delay the swing of the system just enough so that it made exactly two swings between pulses. Thus the frequency of the indicator would be exactly twice that of the pulses` This method can be extended so that the indicator can be tuned to lock in with higher multiples ofthe pulse frequency.

To determine graphically the effect of the slight difference in period of pulses caused by the tick and the tock of the standard watch, upon the motion of the oscillating body refer to Fig. 16.

Assume that the period of oscillation of the body M has been chosen such, that its period is lengthened exactly enough by an impulse caused by a tick of the standard watch, occuring at 1A; cycle after the rest position that it equals the period of these impulses. This impulse will occur at @1. caused by the tock of the watch occurs at 62 as shown in the diagram it will lengthen the period of the osciliating body M by a little more time. To find how much more refer to the geometry of Fig. 16 and Fig. 16A.

A t-an 91 Which may be written as:

dA sin (0l-62) dal d62 A eos 61 cos 9 2 lf the difference in 0i and 02 is ir/ 16 which corresponds of a second between the tick and took we may write:

03A 1r 1T 8' The value of dA/A, as will be shown, for the indicator used, was found to be:

dA 0.7 "iT- Therefore Au is the swing at zero time At is the swing after a time t u is a constant to be determined In a time r=25T, where T is the period or time for l oscillation, the amplitude decreased 5() per cent Therefore If the next impulse i and Substituting in the original equation A t=10e(.:'/2.=,T) To find how much the swing decreased for one oscillation (for a time t=T) AT: Angra/25ml" A09-.1125

Ao-AT AT as an approximation and fait A 25 With the indicator having the losses as described above, and its period tuned so that the impulses occurred within approximately/45 before or after the rest period, satisfactory operation was obtained. That is, the motion was smooth, exact and of suicient swing to be used as a reference member. To determine how close the period of the indicator has to be made to that of the impulses to obtain this satisfactory operation we proceed as follows:

Since Assume Therefore d o Clt- A 2T tan 45 This corresponds to i7 minutes a day. Thus the indicator would only have to maintain its period within these limits to give satisfactory performance. The effects of temperature upon the period of the indicator is well within these limits, even though no care was given to the materials used in its construction.

'The oscillating system can also be analysed in a general way from an electrical analogy.

The analogous' electrical circuit for a mechanical system such as shown in Fig. 7 is shown in Fig. 17.

The electrical solution for a circuit such as this is quite well known and Fig. 18 is a chart showing how the amplitude of the current (which in the mechanical system corresponds to the velocity of the pointer) varies as the applied frequency is changed Af/f above and below the resonant frequency. This chart is known as the Universal Selectivity Chart for a tuned circuit.

Some properties of this circuit are: firstly, the circuit presents a very low impedance to the generator at the resonant frequency or close to it and a high impedance to a frequency far off resonance; and secondly, the phase angle between the applied voltage and current is zero at resonance and is positive below resonance and negative above it. Y

Now the pulses of current fed to the moving coil of the indicator are exactly the same each pulse and are separated by an exact time interval. It is known that such a wave can be analysed mathematically by a Fourier series to consist of a direct current term, a fundamental fre, quency term whose period is the same as the time intervalV between the pulses, and harmonic terms which are multiples of the fundamental frequency. The amplitude and phase of each of these component terms are a functionA of the shape of the pulse. However, since we are applying these pulses to a tuned circuit, which presents a low impedance to the fundamental frequency and a very high impedance to the harmonics, the current which ows will be that of the fundamental frequency. Therefore, We need consider only the fundamental frequency.

Now when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an electrical circuit as shown in Fig. 17 the current which flows is initially composed of two parts. The first part, which is a transient, is a current Whose frequency is that of the natural period of the condenser and coil. This part dies away with time. The second part is known as the steady state current and its frequency is exactly that of the applied voltage.

From this analysis it can be seen that the steady state velocity and also amplitude of the mass 78 will have the exact frequency of the applied pulses. Also the motion will be a very smooth sinusoidal motion because of the selectivity characteristic of a tuned circuit.

It can also be realized that small variations in the pulses will have a very small effect on the motion, since it takes about fifty or sixty pulses to bring the body up to full oscillation, hence each pulse contributes about lgO to the energy being stored and released by the systems motion.

The selectivity characteristic of a tuned electrical circuit follows the well known equation Af=change in frequency from the resonant frequency fo=the resonant frequency is the ratio of the energy stored per cycle to the energy lost per cycle.

The equation A J f is very similar to that derived previously. The term dA/A bears a relationship to the ratio of energy dissipated to that stored per cycle, for at the equilibrium 1 E tain condition the energy gained per cycle is equal to that dissipated.

The energy stored per cycle is l 2 E' 2 KA where K is the spring constant E. is the energy stored per cycle.

hence dt 1 dA 'fr En t g tan 0 the same equation derived previously.'

Another embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 19 and its electrical circuit is illustrated in Fig. 20.

In this method pulses of current controlled by the test watch 9 are sent through the moving coil 5 of the in'- dicator 6 and at the same time these pulses cause the neon bulbs 14 behind a translucent scale 15 to flash.

The watch 9 is placed on the crystal microphone 10 and the electrical voltage caused by the ticks is amplied and it then triggers the thyratron tube 39. The condenser 35 discharges through the primary of the transformer 37 and also the moving coil 5 shunted by resistor 92.

For the reasons explained previously the indicator pointer 8 will assume the exact frequency of these pulses. The neon bulbs 14 also will flash with this same period. Therefore, the image of the pointer 8 will `appear stationary. As explained, the pointer 8 will lock in with the frequency of the applied pulses when the pulse occurs at such an angle, 0, the lengthening or shortening of the natural period of the indicator is just suflicient to make it exactly equal to the period of the applied pulses. This angle is given by the equation where dt represents the difference in period between the indicator pointer 8 and the applied pulses.

Employing the indicator previously mentioned this equation becomes:`

The angle can easily be read to 0.03 radians. Thus g= (0.7/25) (0.03) =0.00014 approx.

and

0.00014` 1440 minutes/ day: 0.2 minutes/ day F partial vacuum the sensitivity will be increased.`

When such systems which have very low energy losses per cycle are used, it may become critical to adjust the test watch to have a period close enough to the period of the indicator, to make the amplitude of the indicator build up. It is therefore desirable to have a means for varyingV the energy losses in the system. A variable vresistor 92 is placed across the moving coil 5 of the ndicatorr 6. When high losses and low sensitivity are desired, the resistor 92 is made to have a low value, and

' when high sensitivity and low losses are desired, it is made to have a high value.

`The device can be operated in two ways; firstly, the system such as a pendulum or indicator is built to be an accurate time standard. The test watch 9 is placed on the microphone 10. If the watch is too far olf, the pointer 8 will not build up. The sensitivity can be reduced by reducing the value of resistor 92 if necessary and the test watch 9 adjusted until amplitude of swing does build up. As the test watch 9 is adjusted closer to the standard frequency of the indicator the sensitivity can be increased to a maximum by increasing the value of resistor 92. The image of the pointer 8 will appear to the right or left of the zero position. The number of degrees it is off from the center position can be calibrated by calculation from the equation t to give the number of seconds a day the watch 9 is fast or slow depending on which side or" the center position the image is. Since the motion of the pointer S will not be aiected by the tick` and the tock of the watch, but the lights 14 will, the image will be seen to jump back and forth. This indicates the beat of the watch. To adjust the test watch as close to the standard frequency as possible, it is adjusted until thc images due to the tick and tock fall equally, one to the right and one to the left of the center position. lf this is not desired the indicator can be tuned to alternate ticks of the watch and the free running period of the thyratron tube 39 can be adjusted to be slightly lower than 1/2 the period of the alternate ticks and the strength of the voltage caused by the ticks of the test watch adjusted to make the pulses of current respond and lights 14 liash to al ternate ticks. Thus the image will be very steady since j the period of alternate ticks of a watch do not vary much.

In the second method of use, the indicator 6 is not made of material to provide an accurate time standard, but as before it is tuned close to the standard period. A standard watch l is placed on the microphone 10 and the period of the indicator 6 is adjusted, by tilting it up or down from the level position. Since the pointer 8 is not counterbalanced, in one case the force of gravity will aid the spring restoring force and shorten the period and in the other case it will subtract from restoring force of the spring 7 and lengthen the period. By this simple means7 the period of the meter is adjusted until the image of the pointer appears exactly on the zero position. The test Watch 9 is then placed on the microphone 10 and if it is fast the image will appear to be at an angle to one side and if slow it will appear on the other side. As before the number of minutes a day the watch is ott is calculated or calibrated from the equation where :iA/A is determined from indicator by linding the time, t, it takes the amplitude to fall to 1/2 its value as previously illustrated.

In Fig. 4 if switch 5i) is thrown to the position 51 and attenuator 18 is reduced to zero the test watch 9 will cause the neon bulbs to hash. The same test Watch 9 will also cause the thyratron tube 19 to discharge since the grid of this tube is connected to the grid of the thyratron tube 39 through resistor S2. Thus by throwing switch 50 it is possible to use the equipment in Fig. 4 for the embodiment just described. Moreover, if desirable, the lights i4 can be made to l'lash with multiples or suhmultiples of the watch 9 ticks and the pulses also can be made to respond to multiples or submultiples of the test watch 9 ticks, each independently by adjusting the circuit constants for each tube separately.

Another embodiment of this invention is shown in Fig. 2l and Fig. 22.

The sensitivity of the previous method can be increased by making the amplitude of vibration partially independent of the pulses of current controlled by the watch 9 ticks. This is done by making the system self oscillatory. In Fig. 22 as the pointer 8 passes the Zero position and goes counterclockwise the hair spring 7 expands and touches the contact point 96 thereby discharging the condenser 95 through the moving coil 5. This gives the pointer 3 an impulse in a direction such that it sustains the motion. Resistor 94 prevents the +B voltage from passing very much current through the moving coil S. Resistors 94 and 93 provide varying voltage to the charging of the condenser 95 thereby controlling the strength of these impulses. As the pointer passes the equilibrium position again, but going in the opposite direction, the contact 96 is broken and the condenser 95 charges up again. Thus the pointer will oscillate by itself and receive these impulses exactly nt the zero position and thus these impulses will not shorten or lengthen the period of the indicator but only increases the amplitude of oscillation.

Pulses of current controlled by the watch 9 are also fed to the moving coil 5 of the indicator 6. In Fig. 22 resistors 98 and 97 are a series shunt combination for i varying the strength of the pulses of current which go through the moving coil 5. The amplified voltages caused by the ticks of the watch 9 triggers the thyratron tube 39. Condenser 35 discharges through the primary of the step up transformer 37, the tube 39 and the moving coil 5 of the indicator shunted by resistor combination 98 and 97. Thus the neon lights 14 are also caused to ash in synchronism with the ticks of the Watch 9. The direction of these pulses of current through the moving coil 5 of the indicator are opposite to those caused by the discharge of condenser 95.

The theory of operation is as follows: The resistor 93 is adjusted to zero value so that the meter does not oscillate by itself. The resistor 98 is adjusted so that the pulses of current caused by the ticks of the watch 9 are fed to the moving coil 5. At this point the operation and analysis is exactly as that presented for Fig. 19. The oscillation Will build up if the period of watch 9 is close to that of the indicator 6 and the image of the pointer 3 as seen in front of a translucent scale 15 as it is illuminated by the ashes of the neon bulbs i4 behind the scale, will be stationary and either be to the right or left of center, indicating if the watch is slow or fast. The amount the watch is slow or fast is determined by the equation In this equation if the value of a'v/wA is made smaller sin 0 will have to be larger to indicate the same difference in period between the test watch and the indicator t represented by dt/T. This etectively increases the sensitivity of the indicator,

The amplitude of oscillation A is increased without increasing dv, the impulse controlled by the ticks of test watch, This is done by increasing the value of resistor 93 thereby allowing condenser 95 to receive voltage and discharge it through the moving coil S of the indicator. Since the pointer S is oscillating in a direction such that the pulses controlled by the watch 9 are aiding it, the hairspring 7 will be contracting when these pulses are going through the moving coil 5.

The pulses of current coming from condenser 95 occur when the pointer is going in the opposite direction a half cycle later when the hairsprng 7 expands and makes contact. This pulse of current is in such a direction as to maintain the oscillation and hence increase the amplitude of oscillation.

To increase the sensitivity resistor 98 is decreased and resistor 93 increased, thereby making dv the impulse "j controlled by the watch 9 small and A the maximum swing of oscillation larger.

In operation, if the test watch is far off from being in time with the standard system, the equation sin 6 T" 'wA cannot be satisfied if al1/T is greater than dv/wA. Hence resistor 93 is set at a minimum value to start. lf the test watch .is adjusted to be close in time to that of the indicator 6, dv, the impulse can be decreased by reducing the value of resistor 9S, A, the maximum amplitude of oscillation, can be increased or maintained by increasing resistor 93. The sensitivity of the indicator is increased and allows the period of test watch 9 to be adjusted closer tothat of the indicator.

Attenuators 98 and 93 can be calibrated and these in conjunction with angle and the equation dt dv sin 0 stationary. If it is slow or fast the image will drift back and forth with a speed which is determined by the amount the period of the test watch is different from that of the standard period of the indicator. The normal period of oscillation of the thyratron tube 39 and the lights 14 are adjusted to be about 11/2 hours a day slower than the standard frequency. Hence as before in Fig. 4, the test watch is determined to be fast or slow by allowing the lights 14 to assume their normal frequency of flashing. If the image advances in the same direction it was moving, the test watch is slow, if it reverses it is fast.

The Fig. is shown diagrammatically another application of the invention. The standard watch 1 is placed on ythe microphoneZ and the resultant pulses of current caused by the watch ticks are fed to the moving coil of the meter 104 shown in Fig. 26. The frequency of these pulses are the same as the ticks of the standard watch and, therefore, the pointer 103 of the indicator will oscillate very smoothly back and forth at this frequency. Refer to Fig. 23 and Fig. 24. On the pointer 103 is a contact 99. The contact is composed of two parts fastened together. One part is insulating material and the other part is metal.

Thus as the pointer 103 oscillates the contact 99 will make Velectrical contact when it is going in the clockwise direction, but will not make contact when it is going counterclockwise. The hairspring contact 100 Vis a short piece of metal pivoted ,on the arm 102 and also fastened to the center of the hairspring 101. `The outer end of the hairspring is fastened to the arm 102. Normally the contact is pointed toward the pivot of the pointer 103 but when the contact 99 strikes it, it revolves in its pivot turning the hairspring 101 and allows the contact 99 to pass. After the contact 99 passes, the hairspring restores the contact 100 to its normal position. The hairspn'ng 101 is very Weak so that it will not disturb motion of the pointer 103 very much and enough friction is introduced at the pivot of the contact 100 to prevent it from oscillating with its hairspring 101.

Thus an electrical contact is made for each cycle of oscillation and since there is one cycle to each tick of the standard watch there will be an electrical contact for each tick of the standard watch. It is noted that any difference in the tick and tock of the standard watch will not be present in the period of the electrical contacts made by theipointer since the motion of the pointer 103 averages these variations out. y

These electrical contacts cause a thyratron tube to discharge a pulse of current from a condenser through the primary of a step up transformer 37. The high voltage across the secondary causes the neon bulbs within the housing 111 to flash. The movement of the balance wheel and partswithin the test watch 9` are viewed with these ashes of light.

In Fig. 26 is shown the electrical circuit for a portion of the diagram in Fig. 25. Cathode bias is provided to the cathode of tube 105, a thyratron such as a type'2050, by the +B voltage through resistors 108 and 109. When pin makes contact with the pointer contact 99 the bias is reduced to zero momentarily until condenser 107 charges up through resistor 10S. This effectively provides a sharp positive voltage between the cathode and grid of tube 105 causing it to conduct and the condenser 110 discharge through the primary of the step up transformer 37. A sharp high voltage appears across the secondary of this transformer and ashes the neon bulbs 14 in the housing 111. Resistor 106 allows the condenser 107 to discharge when the contact between 99 and 100 is open.

. Since there are two ticks to each oscillation of theV balance wheel of a watch there will be two ashes to each oscillation and hence there will be two images of the balance wheel. These images will be stationary if the test watch is of the same rate as the standard watch. Their position will be farthest apart if at the instant the ash occurs the balance wheel is at its maximum swing. If the time at which these flashes occur is changed but the interval oftime between them is kept the same, the two images of the balance wheel will move closer and closer together until the flashes occur exactly when the balance wheel is passing through its zero amplitude position and then the two images merge into one.

For it is at this point that the flashes will catch the balance wheel first going in Vone direction and then in the opposite direction at the same position.

The time the ashes occur is varied by rotating the arm 102 about the meter 104 until one image is observed of the test watch balance wheel. if the test watch is not `in time with the standard watch, this single image will drift into two images. If it takes l minute for the single image to drift into two images separated approximately by 7.2 which will be discernible by a ickering in the image of the balance wheel, the test watch is in error by 6 seconds a day. This difference in timing is calculated as follows:

If the amplitude of oscillation of the test watch balance wheel is 90, the balance wheel has an error of 3.6/360 of a cycle per min. or .01 cycle per minute. In one daythere are 1440 minutes and .01 cycle per minute corresponds to 14.4 cycles per day. Since there 2% cycles per second or 150 cycles per minute, 144 1 cycles per day corresponds to 0.1 minute per day.

If longer periods of time are used to observe the test watch corresponding increases in the detectable error result. Y

The method of observing the balance Wheel described above is very similar to that described in Patent #2,322,861 titled Constant Speed Body.

However, the constant speed body has been replaced by a simpler and more economical oscillating body, and instead of using a iixed lens system for obtaining the ashes of light, a more flexible and economical electrical system is used.

It is also possible to have the meter oscillate at 1/2 the frequency of the standard watch ticks. This will provide but one image of the balance wheel. The difference in timing would be noticed by a drift of this image with respect to a xed member of the test watch. This single image would allow the watch parts to be observed in various parts of their cycle while they were in motion.

It is still possible to have two images of the. balance wheel while themeter is oscillating at 1/2 the standard watch ticks using two contact arms such as 102.v However, the angle formed between the two arms must always be centered exactly about the zero position of the pointer 103. This would provide two electrical contacts for each oscillation and would further provide that they would be 180 apart or 1/2 the period of the pointers oscillation.

Another application of this invention is presented in Fig.- 27. The standard watch 1 is placed on the microphone 2 and the pulses of current triggered by the amplified voltages caused by the watch ticks are fed to the coil of the delay device 112, The electrical circuit is shown in Fig. 28. Condenser 20 discharges through the thyratron 19 and the coil 11'7 every time a watch tick causes the grid of the thyratron to be driven positive. The armature 116 and spring 118 are chosen so that their period of oscillation is greater than the period of the watch ticks. Thus the time it takes the armature 116 to reach full of defiection and return to its rest position will be greater than half the period of the watch ticks. When the armature 116 hits the contact pin 114 condenser 119 charges up through the resistor 113 to about 2,6 of the +B voltage in .0l second (the time of contact). When the armature returns and strikes the rest position pin 115 it discharges through the primary of the transformer 37. A high voltage appears across the secondary of the transformer which causes the neon bulbs 14 or other bright gaseous discharge tubes in the housing 111 to flash.

By varying the position of the contact pin 114, the

time it takes for the armature to strike the pin 114 and return to its rest position is varied. Thus the ash of the bulb can be made to lag the standard watch ticks from zero to more than half the period of the watch ticks, yet the time interval between the tiashes will be the same.

The light from the housing 111 can be focused on the balance wheel of the test watch and the time rate of the test watch can be analyzed exactly as that presented for Fig. 25.

It is understood that minor changes may be made in the devices of the invention without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

l. Apparatus of the character described for providing a reference member in a timing device which will oscillate smoothly with a large amplitude at an exact frequency and whose positions can be compared with the timing of periodic impulses, comprising a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate between two extreme positions a plurality of cycles smoothly, with a large amplitude and low energy losses at a natural frequency; means for converting standard periodic impulses, the natural frequency of said system having substantially an integral relation with the frequency of said standard periodic impulses, and the frequency of said standard periodic impulses being independent of said system, into electrical impulses having a frequency having a fixed relation with the frequency of said standard periodic impulses; and means for driving said system by said electrical impulses, the frequency of said electrical impulses being independent of said system.

2. Apparatus of the character described to provide a timing device comprising, a system capable of oscillating at a natural frequency, means for driving said system by a first series of periodic electrical impulses, the natural frequency of said system having substantially an integral relation with the frequency of said periodic electrical irnpulses, and the frequency of said periodic electrical impulses being independent of said system; means for converting periodic mechanical impulses having a frequency having a fixed relation with the frequency of said first series of periodic electrical impulses, into said first series of periodic electrical impulses; means for converting a second series of periodic mechanical impulses to be rated into periodic electrical impulses having a frequency having a fixed relation with said second series of mechanical impulses; stroboscopic lights for viewing said system and means for fiashing said stroboscopic lights in synchronisrn with said second series of electrical impulses.

3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, plus switch means for causing intermittently said stroboscopic lights to flash out of synchronism with said second series of electrical periodic impulses at a frequency slower than a frequency having a fixed relation with the frequency of said first series of periodic electrical impulses.

4. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, plus a time interval reference substantially free from variation comprising lamps placed in the proximity of said system allowing simultaneous viewing of said lamps and said system; means for causing a short visual indication in said lamps at a given instant and to repeat said indication after equal succeeding intervals of time.

5. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, plus means to prevent the said stroboscopic lights from flashing in synchronism with the said second series of electrical impulses, and means for causing said stroboscopic lights to fiash in synchronism with said first series of electrical impulses.

6. In a timing device of the character described to rate periodic impulses comprising a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate between two extreme positions a plurality of cycles at a natural frequency having substantially an integral relation with a standard predetermined frequency; means for driving said system by periodic impulses having a frequency independent of said system, said periodic impulses having the standard predetermined frequency; and means for indicating the position of a member of said system in its oscillation at the instants that the periodic impulses to be rated occur.

.7. ln a timing device of the character described to rate impulses comprising; a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate between two extreme positions a plurality of cycles at a frequency having substantially a fixed relation with a predetermined standard frequency; a source of periodic impulses having a frequency independent of said system, said periodic impulses having said predetermined frequency; means for driving said system by impulses controlled by said standard periodic impulses; and means for indicating the position of a member of said system in its oscillation at the instants the impulses to be rated occur.

8. Apparatus for a timing device of the character described for rating impulses comprising a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate between two extreme positions a plurality of cycles at a natural frequency; means for driving said system by periodic impulses, the natural frequency of said system having substantially an integral relation with the frequency of said periodic irnpulses, and the frequency of said periodic impulses being independent of said system; stroboscopic lamps placed for viewing said systermand means for causing said lamps to tiash and indicate the position of a member of said system in its oscillation at the instants the impulses to be rated occur.

9. Apparatus of the character described for providing a reference member in timing devices to rate impulses, comprising a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate a plurality of cycles between two extreme positions at a natural frequency; means for driving `said system by periodic impulses, the natural frequency of said system having an integral relation with the frequency of said periodic driving impulses, and the frequency of said periodic driving impulses being independent of said system; and means for indicating the position of a member of said system at the instants that the impulses to be rated occur.

l0. Apparatus for providing a reference member which will oscillate smoothly with a large amplitude at an exact frequency and whose positions can be compared with the timing of periodic impulses in timing devices comprising a source of standard periodic impulses, a system responsive to a single impulse to oscillate between two extreme positions a plurality of cycles at a frequency substantially having an integral relation with the frequency of said standard periodic impulses, and means for driving said system by said standard periodic impulses, the frequency of said standard periodic impulses being independent of said system.

(References on following page) References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Price Sept. 6, 1927 Poole Nov. 5, 1935 Tamm Aug. 11, 1936 Poole Apr. 13, 1937 Poole July 6, 1937 Knobel Ian. 7, 1941 

